ISSN: 3007-1690 (Online) ISSN: 3007-1682 (Print) NIU Journal of Social Sciences is an interdisciplinary journal published by Nexus International University, Kampala, Uganda. The Journal publishes empirical articles, critical reviews and case studies that are of interest to policy makers, scholars and practitioners in the era of social studies. It puts particular focus upon issues that are of concern to the Third World. It is the goal of the Journal to advance knowledge and debate in the field of social studies, by providing a platform through which scholars and practitioners can share their views, findings and experiences. Given the diverse nature of the social sciences, contributions are accepted from a wide range of disciplines and preference is given to articles that integrate multiple disciplinary perspectives. Contributions that examine developments at national, regional and continental level are particularly welcome. All the manuscripts received are subjected to blind review, by the Editor-In-Chief and two editorial consultants. The editorial policy of NIUJSS aims at giving authors timely and constructive feedback and the Journal is particularly interested in assisting able researchers but who may be inexperience in the area of publishing.
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This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Philosophy and Organizational or Personnel Management. The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Rural Farming, Anti-Corruption Policies, National Security, Civil-Military Cooperation, Government Empowerment and Decentralization in Development Decision-Making. It is argued in one of the papers that meaningful decentralization is essential for sustainable development and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It is therefore, suggested amongst others, that Federal government must enforce the 2024 Supreme Court judgment, initiate constitutional amendments, establish support programs, and strengthen monitoring. State governments must respect local autonomy, conduct credible elections, support capacity building, and enable revenue generation. Papers in the second section are on Social Philosophy. One of the papers in this Section explores how parental income, education, and family structure influences youth behaviour, propensity and predisposition to internet crime. Anchored on Relative Deprivation Theory, the study finds that although youths engage in internet crime, socio-economic conditions and family dysfunction are an indirectly influence that shapes such behavioural tendencies while pointing that deprivation and societal glorification of wealth act as motivating factors. The paper concludes that addressing youth unemployment, improving parenting quality, and reshaping societal values are crucial in mitigating internet crime. In last section on Organizational and Personnel Management, one of the papers explores the effects of leader-member exchange, job satisfaction and motivation on organizational commitment in public service with major focus on National Examinations Council Offices in Nigerian North-Central States of Niger, Benue and Nasarawa. These findings of the paper highlight the importance of positive leader-member relationships, meaningful job roles, and both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in fostering strong organizational commitment. Specifically, the paper suggests that the agency must invest in recognition programs, employee empowerment, improved health and safety provisions, and clearer leader–employee communication pathways in order to strengthen commitment. This is because enhancing these job satisfaction dimensions is likely to yield a more motivated, committed, and productive workforce. On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.
Influence of Point of Sale (POS) on the Nigerian Economy, 2003-2023
Point of Sale (POS) has significantly impacted the banking sector of the Nigerian economy. The study is retracted to Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The POS operation in Benin City generated employment for the operators and made banking services available to all parts of the society, thereby reducing the stress of going to the bank for their customers except in some serious transactions. The study adopted the Innovation Diffusion Theory and Humphrey, Pulley, & Vesala's Cashless Economy Theory to explain the rationale for e-banking in Nigeria. The study was exploratory and purely qualitative; it made use of the in-depth interview guide in eliciting the required responses, adopting purposive and convenience sampling techniques. It made use of 20 participants who are POS operators in Benin City. The study revealed that even though the POS system improves banking operational efficiency in Benin City by ensuring the availability of banking services to members of the public, it also faces some challenges like poor network connectivity and security risks to both the operators and the customers. The study concludes that the POS operation in Benin City needs support and a more secure environment for the operators to fully utilize the system. In this regard, the study suggested financial assistance to the operators by the government and the banks, improving network stability by the network providers, and improved security for the operators. Keywords: Benin City, Challenges, POS Operators and Significant Impact.
Socio-Economic Drivers of Benefits from Agri-Environmental Measures among Rural Farming Households in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria
The study investigated the socio-economic characteristics of rural farming households, the types of Agri-Environmental Measures (AEMs) adopted, and the determinants of benefits derived from participation in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 240 farmers were surveyed using a multi-stage sampling procedure. The results showed that 36.7% of respondents were aged 41–50 years, 67.5% were male, and 53.4% had secondary or tertiary education. Most farmers (80.8%) had over 10 years of farming experience, while 64.2% belonged to cooperatives and 70% had extension contact. Farmers mainly adopted organic manure (71.7%), soil conservation (67.5%), controlled chemical use (65%), agroforestry (61.7%), and climate-smart practices (57.5%).Binary logistic regression showed that farm size (β = 0.311, p = 0.003), cooperative membership (β = 0.842, p = 0.000), extension contact (β = 1.124, p = 0.000), income (β = 0.514, p = 0.005), and farming experience (β = 0.042, p = 0.020) significantly increased the likelihood of benefiting from AEMs. Age had a mild negative effect (β = –0.028, p = 0.048), while education and household size were not significant. The study concluded that socio-economic readiness, institutional support, and access to information strongly shaped the probability of deriving benefits from AEM participation. Strengthening extension services and farmer cooperatives was essential for enhancing AEM effectiveness. Keywords: Benefit, agricultural, environmental measures, participation and farming households.
Public Sector Reforms and Anti-Corruption Policies in Nigeria
This study examines how public sector reforms and anti-corruption policies and agencies were implemented and established in Nigeria from colonial times to the present. Using the hybrid theoretical framework that incorporates institutional, principal-agent and social norms theories, the paper closely studies the policies and institutions that different governments used to fight corruption. These include early actions like the Foster-Sutton Tribunal (1956), the Recovery of Public Property Decree, 1984, the establishment of the Code of Conduct Bureau, 1979, the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offenses Commission, (2000), the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, (2003) and recent reforms like the Proceeds of Crime (Recovery and Management) Act, (2022) and the Digital Asset Management Systems started by President Tinubu (2024). While these initiatives reflect a consistent policy commitment to transparency and accountability, the study points out ongoing challenges, such as elite impunity, political interference, weak enforcement, lack of institutional continuity, overlapping roles and limited public confidence. Despite some good efforts, Nigeria's fight against corruption has often been weakened by societal norms and structural contradictions. The study concludes by proposing a holistic approach to reform and strengthen anti-corruption agencies to ensure judicial independence and foster a culture of accountability across all the levels of government. This study adds to the broader discourse on governance in Nigeria by offering a theory-based analysis of reform paths and their different results based on political history. Keywords: Corruption, Public Sector Reform, Anti-Corruption Policies and Anti-Corruption Agencies
Corruption in Governance and its Effect on National Security: The Nigeria Experience in the Fourth Republic
This study examines the impact of corruption in governance on national security within the context of Nigeria's Fourth Republic. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study relies exclusively on secondary data sourced from government reports, scholarly analyses, media publications, and institutional records. The theoretical framework underpinning this investigation is Elite Theory, which posits that a small group of influential individuals wields disproportionate control over political power and state resources, often to the detriment of the broader population. Through this lens, the study explores how corrupt practices among political elites have undermined the integrity and effectiveness of national security institutions. Findings reveal that first, corruption among government officials has led to the diversion of critical resources intended for security operations, weakening the capacity of security agencies to respond effectively to threats. Second, the patronage networks fostered by elites perpetuate a cycle of impunity that erodes public trust in governance structures and security apparatuses. Third, systemic corruption has contributed significantly to the proliferation of armed groups and criminal enterprises that exploit governance weaknesses to destabilize the nation. Based on these findings, the study recommends: (1) strengthening institutional checks and balances to promote transparency and accountability among political elites; (2) enhancing the independence and operational capacity of anti-corruption agencies to pursue high-profile cases without political interference; and (3) implementing civic education programs to empower citizens to demand better governance and security provisions, thereby reducing the socio-political space for corruption to flourish. Ultimately, addressing corruption through an elite perspective provides critical insights into the intersection of governance and national security challenges in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. Keywords: Governance, Corruption, Transparency. Accountability. National Security and Legitimacy Crises
The Architecture of Insecurity: A Sociological Analysis of Kidnapping and Banditry in Etsako West LGA, Edo State, Nigeria
Etsako West Local Government Area (LGA) in Edo North Senatorial District has, in recent years, experienced rising incidence of kidnapping and banditry, particularly along major transit corridors. This study investigates the prevalence and impacts of the insecurity between February 2022 and August 2025, using purposive sampling. The study used secondary and primary source of data collection. Data were gathered through key informant interviews with community leaders and traditional rulers as well as unstructured in-depth interviews with farmers, traders, students, civil servants, religious leaders, vigilante groups, local hunters, youth groups, and transport workers union in Auchi, South Ibie, Agbede, Jattu, and Aviele. Findings reveal recurrent abductions, ransom payments, and community protests. Major hotspots identified include Auchi–Afuze–Agbede road, Auchi–Benin highway, Auchi–Okpella road, and Auchi–Okene–Abuja highway. The insecurity has disrupted farming, education, trade, and social life of the people. The state response through the police, DSS, and military interventions remain inadequate thereby giving rise to community policing involving vigilantes, local hunters, youth groups, and transport workers union. Yet, the insecurity persisted due to the rugged and forest terrains along the major transit routes to the neighbouring Benin, Ondo, Ekiti and Okene-Kogi State forests corridor, where the kidnappers and bandits have their forest camp/hideouts. The study recommends permanent checkpoints, sustained patrols, publicized hotlines, and combined land and aerial surveillance to effectively curb kidnapping and banditry in Etsako West LGA. Keywords: Architecture of Insecurity, Sociological Analysis, Kidnapping and Banditry, Etsako West LGA, Edo State Nigeria.
Spanned Sectoral Stock Returns Volatility on the Asset Pricing Conditions: Is there any significance?
The perception of sectoral stock return volatility carries meaningful information, especially for portfolio management, as its heterogeneity and periods of financial stress may alter the relevance of traditional asset pricing conditions. This raises the question of whether incorporating volatility into models improves their performance, particularly in emerging markets where risk dynamics are often unstable. Against this backdrop, this study analyses sectoral stock returns and their volatility dynamics in the Nigerian Stock Exchange using monthly data from periods before and after the global financial crisis. The study assesses the significance of spanning sectoral return volatility within asset pricing frameworks by evaluating the performance of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) through time-series and cross-sectional analyses. The findings indicate that while the CAPM explains expected returns through systematic risk (beta), the APT provides relatively stronger explanatory power when historical data are considered; however, no model consistently dominates across sectors. Incorporating sectoral volatility measures enhances the explanatory power of both models, indicating that volatility contains additional information relevant to asset pricing conditions. These results underscore the significance of time-varying risk and parameter uncertainty in explaining equity betas, and offer implications for sector-based portfolio selection in emerging equity markets. Accordingly, the study recommends that market regulators and policymakers should strengthen risk disclosure frameworks and promote volatility-sensitive pricing mechanisms to improve market efficiency in emerging equity markets. Keywords: Capital Asset Pricing Models, Asset Pricing Theory, Nigerian Stock Exchange, Sectoral Stock Returns, Volatility
Community-Centered Security and Human Rights: The Role of Civil-Military Cooperation in Nigeria’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy
Nigeria’s counter-terrorism strategy, particularly in the Northeast, has been marked by an overreliance on military force, which while weakening Boko Haram and ISWAP, has simultaneously deepened distrust between security forces and local communities due to recurring reports of human rights violations. This study interrogates the prospects of a community-centered security model that foregrounds civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) as a means of reconciling state sovereignty with humanitarian imperatives. Anchored in Human Security Theory, Social Contract Theory, and Institutional Theory, among others, the paper situates Nigeria’s counter-terrorism challenge within broader debates on people-centered security and legitimacy. Drawing on case studies from Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe States, alongside comparative lessons from Kenya and Niger, the research examines how participatory approaches such as community-led intelligence gathering, inclusive policing, and post-conflict reintegration can enhance operational effectiveness while reducing abuses. The findings highlight that where trust-building mechanisms and civil-military dialogue have been institutionalized, communities have provided more reliable intelligence and shown greater willingness to cooperate with state forces. However, structural weaknesses, poor accountability, and entrenched militarization continue to limit outcomes. The paper contributes to methodological literature in political science and development studies by proposing a framework for participatory counter-terrorism in fragile states. Policy recommendations emphasize rights-based engagement, institutional reform, and multi-stakeholder collaboration as prerequisites for sustainable peace and security in Nigeria. Keywords: Counter-terrorism, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC), Insurgency, Human Security.
N-Power Programme and Poverty Reduction: A Post Beneficiaries Exploration in Niger State, Nigeria
This study investigates the impact of the N-Power programme on poverty reduction in Niger State, with a specific focus on the 2020 Batch A, B, and C beneficiaries. The objectives were to assess the employment status of post-beneficiaries, examine changes in income and living standards, and explore the challenges encountered after exiting the programme. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and employed a quantitative research approach. A sample of 354 respondents was selected from a population of 3,091 beneficiaries using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and multiple regression analysis with the aid of Stata 17. The findings revealed that 61.9% of beneficiaries were employed after the programme, with a statistically significant improvement in their income levels and living standards. However, key challenges such as lack of startup capital, difficulty securing permanent employment, and absence of post-exit support were identified. Regression results indicated that employment status, income, skill utilization, and ability to save were significant predictors of poverty reduction. The study concludes that while the N-Power programme has positively influenced the economic conditions of many young Nigerians in Niger State, its long-term impact can be strengthened through post-programme support, access to finance, and improved policy implementation. Recommendations include the provision of soft loans or grants, establishment of mentorship structures, private sector engagement, and development of a beneficiary tracking system to ensure sustainability and continued poverty alleviation.
Decentralizing Power: Empowering Local Communities in Development Decision-Making in Nigeria
This study critically examines decentralization and local community empowerment within Nigeria's governance framework through theoretical and documentary analysis. Drawing on Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation (1969) and Sen's Development as Freedom (1999), the research analyzes the gap between constitutional guarantees of local government autonomy and centralized power realities. Despite Section 7 of the 1999 Constitution guaranteeing local government existence, political, institutional, fiscal, and socio-cultural barriers impede genuine community empowerment. The 2024 Supreme Court judgment affirming local government financial autonomy represents a watershed moment, yet implementation challenges persist. This research contributes actionable recommendations for constitutional reform, institutional strengthening, and enhanced participatory mechanisms, arguing that meaningful decentralization is essential for sustainable development and democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Keywords: Decentralization, local government autonomy, community empowerment, participatory governance, Nigeria
Government-Sponsored Training Programs and Sustainability of Small Businesses in Lagos State, Nigeria
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers of economic growth, employment and innovation, particularly in developing areas like Nigeria. In the commercial nerve centre of Nigeria, Lagos State, SMEs generate income for many and form a substantial share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Realising that small enterprises have significant roles to play, the Nigerian governments have embarked on several interventions in terms of capacity building and these they do through training in management techniques, technology of production and management of operations. Despite the intuitive appeal and the high prevalence of these programs, their effectiveness at the long-run survival of small businesses is not clear. The government supported training programmes and sustainability of small businesses in Lagos State, Nigeria This study examines the nexus between government sponsored training programmes and sustainable small businesses in Lagos State. Utilising a correlation research design as a survey approach, 174 small business owners in Lagos provided responses to structured questionnaires. The analysis shows a positive but statistically non-significant (p > 0.05, r = 0.20) relationship between government-sponsored training participation and business sustainability. These results indicate that current training interventions may not be successful enough in embedding business growth in Lagos. The research also suggests that training programs should be customised according to industry demands, disseminated through digital channels in order to reach a wider audience and be accompanied by ongoing mentoring, financial and market support aimed at maximising impact. Enhancement of the relevance and support functions of these programs would help to enhance the resilience and long-term survival of small businesses in Lagos State. Keywords: Small Businesses, Government Training, Business Sustainability, Lagos State, Capacity Building.
Yoruba Women in Clothing: Textiles as a Bridge to Memories and Identity
Yoruba women’s clothing and fashion are not only artistic expressions but also living records of cultural heritage, communal identity, and social values passed from one generation to another. A theoretical approach was adopted for the study. This paper investigates the pivotal role of Yoruba women in Southwestern Nigeria in the cultural utilization of textiles as fashion items, emphasizing their significance as a medium for collective memory and cultural identity for future generations. Through a critical analysis of the continuous use of textile materials such as adire (resist-dyed fabrics including Adire Eleko, Oniko, and Alabere) and Aso Oke (handwoven cloths such as Etu, Sanyan, Alaari, and Shanishani) among Yoruba women in Southwestern Nigeria, these textiles have become enduring cultural hallmarks. The paper also highlights their symbolic functions in fashion and ceremonies such as: funerals, naming ceremonies, traditional festivals, chieftaincy installations, and other social celebrations, where they signify status, spirituality, and communal values. Drawing from historical, ethnographic, and anthropological frameworks, the study explores the evolution of textile use in Southwestern Nigeria by tracing the intersection of textiles, fashion, memory, and identity. The study concludes that textiles are indispensable elements of material culture and symbolic cultural heritage, appreciated beyond local boundaries. Keywords: Yoruba women, textiles, cultural identity, fashion, memory, material culture, heritage.
Social Media and the Historical Trajectory of Political Violence in Aramoko-Ekiti, Ekiti State
The intersection of communication networks and political violence has a long history in the Nigerian nation, where practices of information sharing have often informed collective action and conflict. In the Aramoko-Ekiti community, Ekiti State, Nigeria, community narratives, rumour networks, and partisan mobilisation have traditionally influenced political violence. The older channels have now gained new forms and terms with the emergence of social media, which has redefined the nature of political contestation. This paper is a critical assessment of how social media has contributed to the current phenomenon of political violence in Aramoko-Ekiti, especially with emphasis on the youth. Using a qualitative historical method, the study integrates oral interviews of sampled youth and political stakeholders, as well as the examination of secondary data in the form of online resources and digital communications. This approach situates the modern experience within the broader historical context of political agitation and violence in society. Social media platforms have altered the magnitude, pace, and intensity of mobilization, while also reproducing prior trends of competition and factionalism in the political trajectory of Aramoko-Ekiti, as revealed by the findings of this paper. The paper suggests encouraging historical consciousness, digital literacy, and responsible Internet use as measures to mitigate the adverse impact of violence and facilitate peaceful participation in the online space. Furthermore, it highlights the need for further research in this area to fully comprehend the intricate dynamics of social media and political violence. Keywords: Social media, Political violence, Youth, Aramoko-Ekiti, Digital Communication.
Traditional Rulers and Statutory Institutions: Dynamics of Cooperation and Competition in Land Conflict Management in Osun State, Nigeria
The study explored traditional rulers and statutory institutions as dynamics of cooperation and competition in land conflict management in Osun state, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the facts that the frequency of land disputes in Osun State is caused by a number of reasons. The study was anchored on Conflict Transformation Theory and Collaborative Governance Theory, respectively. The study employed exploratory ethnographic research design, while purposive and snowballing sampling procedures were employed. Both Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to obtain information of the sampled participants. The obtained data were content analysed. The results indicated that the major historical role of traditional rulers to include land custodianship and land allocation, mediators in conflicts among others. Greed of individuals, including the traditional rulers, ambiguity in land boundaries, increase in the value of land, among others contributed to the causes of land conflicts among the respondents in the study location. The study recommended that the traditional rulers should institutionalize community-based land governance councils that include youth, women, family heads, and elders. These councils should oversee land allocation, documentation, and conflict resolution to ensure transparency and inclusive participation in decision-making processes. Keywords: Traditional rulers, statutory institutions, land conflict management in Osun State, Nigeria.
Benin-Urhobo Relations Under Colonial Rule: Genesis of Conflicts over Land Resources and Use
This study focuses on Benin-Urhobo relations under colonial rule. Both groups have had long periods of contact with mutual benefits. However, British colonial rule adversely altered that cordial relationship and incorporated them into the world market over which they had no control. This paper aims to show how the Binis and Urhobos responded to the opportunities and crises generated by internal development challenges and by external political and economic forces, stimulated by British colonial rule in the general area. The paper depended on primary and secondary sources. It deploys the historical method of descriptive analysis to address the subject. The findings indicate that the struggle over access to and control of forest and water resources, and their use, engendered conflict in Benin-Urhobo relations during the colonial dispensation and was followed by steps taken by the colonial government to reduce the power and influence of the Benin Oba over the Urhobo group. Underneath this was the British determination to ensure free trade between the Urhobo and the European trading firms. It concludes that the struggle over land resources occasioned by the colonial policy had far-reaching implications on their relationship under colonial rule and beyond. Keywords: Benin-Urhobo, Inter-Group Relations; Colonial Dispensation, Resources Use, Free Trade, The Genesis of Crisis.
Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African Economies in the Context of Sustainable Development
This study revisits the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis within the context of sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focusing on the relationship between economic growth, financial development, and environmental degradation. Drawing on panel data from seven purposively selected SSA countries—Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, and South Africa—spanning the period 1993 to 2021, the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach using Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation to capture both short-run and long-run dynamics. Environmental degradation is measured through three proxies: carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per capita, ecological footprint per capita (EFPC), and the ecological footprint index (EFPI). Control variables include energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), urbanisation, and secondary school enrolment. Panel unit root and Pedroni cointegration tests confirm the presence of long-term relationships, while Granger causality tests explore the direction of causality between GDP per capita and environmental indicators. The findings support a cubic (N-shaped) EKC relationship across all three measures of environmental degradation, indicating that environmental quality initially worsens with rising income, improves after a threshold, but may deteriorate again at higher income levels. Additionally, energy consumption significantly contributes to CO₂ emissions and EFPC, while FDI and urbanisation exert mixed effects depending on the environmental metric. The error correction models show significant adjustment toward long-run equilibrium for CO₂ and EFPC, but not for EFPI, underscoring the persistent nature of broader ecological stress. Based on these findings, the study recommends region-specific policies that prioritize renewable energy investment, green urban infrastructure, and sustainable FDI flows, along with human capital development through expanded access to quality education, to ensure environmentally sustainable growth in SSA.
Comparative Analysis of Newspaper Framing of the Genres on Human Trafficking
The study examines ways in which the Nigerian newspapers often frame their reports and editorials on human trafficking. The objective was to clarify the media's narrative role in shaping public understanding and influencing policy discourse. The paper uses framing and priming model as its conceptual framework. The researchers used a sample comprising 346 Issues published by the Nigerian Guardian, Punch, and Vanguard to evaluate the manner in which the Nigerian newspapers often frame their reports on human trafficking. The findings revealed that the stories on human trafficking accounted for over 60% of the straight news stories published on trafficking in the period under review. The study noted the genres journalists used to frame the stories on trafficking tend to suggest to readers how they should interpret the stories on trafficking and meaning (what) they should infer from the stories on human trafficking, to underscore the fact that newspapers serve as both communication channels and ideological instruments. Consequently, the study advises the media to diversify their narrative forms beyond straightforward reporting by incorporating more features, editorials, and opinion articles to enrich contextual framing with a view to providing justice for the victims of human trafficking. Keywords: Human Trafficking, Media Framing, Policy Discourse, Advocacy, Nigerian Newspapers.
Demographic Drivers of Environmental Pollution Perception in Nigeria: A Quantitative Analysis
This study investigates the relationship between demographic factors such as age, education level, gender and geographical factors-location in terms of rural and urban, and people's perceptions of pollution in Nigeria, using data from Afro barometer Round 9. Employing descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (independent t-test, analysis of variance, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient), the study reveals significant regional disparities in pollution perception (F (5,1599) = 26.676; p <.01) with no notable age-based differences. Key findings include positive correlations between pollution concern and male gender (r = .058, p < .001), higher education levels (r = .051, p < .001), urban residence, and regions such as the Northeast and Southeast. Sanitation (26.1% and plastic waste (26.6%) emerged as the most pressing environmental issues. The study underscores the need for tailored policies and community-specific awareness campaigns to address pollution effectively in the country. The implications of the findings for better pollution management were highlighted, and necessary recommendations were made based on these findings Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Demographic Factors, Public Perception, Regional Disparities and Nigeria
Socioeconomic Background Influence on Youth Participation in Internet Crime: The Benin Evidence
Charity begins at home, a parlance which suggest that social experience is never developed in isolation. However contestable, an individual disposition remains a function of his/her background. This paper therefore investigates the relationship between parental socioeconomic background and youth participation in internet crime in Benin City, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey of 1,093 young adults, and in-depth interview with key personalities, the study explores how parental income, education, and family structure influences youth behaviour, propensity and predisposition to internet crime. Anchored on Relative Deprivation Theory, the study finds that although youths engage in internet crime, socio-economic conditions and family dysfunction are an indirectly influence that shapes such behavioural tendencies while pointing that deprivation and societal glorification of wealth act as motivating factors. The study concludes that addressing youth unemployment, improving parenting quality, and reshaping societal values are crucial in mitigating internet crime in Benin City. Keywords: Youth, Background, Socio-economic, Internet Crime.
Structural Drivers and Democratic Consequences of Political Violence in Nigeria: A Systematic Literature Review
Political violence remains a central threat to democratic stability in Nigeria since the return to civil rule in 1999. It manifests through voter intimidation, armed thuggery, ballot snatching, targeted assassinations, sectarian mobilization, and institutional manipulation. This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical evidence and theoretical contributions across political science, governance, and security studies to identify the structural drivers and democratic consequences of political violence in Nigeria. Data were derived from peer-reviewed journals, policy documents, books, and institutional reports published between 1999 and 2024, selected based on methodological rigor and thematic relevance. Findings reveal that political violence in Nigeria is driven by entrenched poverty, mass youth unemployment, corruption, prebendal political culture, weak state institutions, identity politics, and an entrenched “sit-tight” elite behavior. Political violence undermines democratic consolidation by reducing voter turnout, distorting electoral outcomes, weakening governance institutions, and enabling the emergence of incompetent leadership. The study concludes that political violence in Nigeria is a systemic governance challenge, not an episodic event, and proposes multidimensional reforms involving institutional strengthening, electoral governance reforms, peacebuilding, youth empowerment, and civic reorientation.
Rural Farmers’ Perception of Radio Agripreneurial Programmes in Ogun State, Nigeria
Radio intensifies its crucial role in sparking interest and giving rural farmers a deep understanding of agricultural issues, but few existing bodies of research in Nigeria has yet to clearly assess the extent radio agricultural programmes have prioritised issues rural farmers are desirous and the reasons for the transmission of radio agricultural programmes. Hence this study attempted to assess the perception of radio agripreneurial programmes in sparking agripreneurship interests among rural farm settlers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Guided by the Perception Theory, this study adopted a descriptive research design, relying on both quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires and interviewers’ guide to elicit response from 299 farm operators from Ogun State farm settlements and two producers of agricultural programmes in the State. It found that radio agricultural programmes did not prioritise issues desired by farmers such as funding, marketing, mechanized farming methods and access to agricultural implements, rather it placed emphasis on seedlings and food production. The study recommended that radio agricultural programmes producers embark on extensive research on pertinent agricultural issues that will cater to the agripreneurial needs of the rural farmers which is achievable through engaging experts to handle the production and presentation of agripreneurial programmes on radio. Keywords: Agripreneurship, Agricultural Programmes, Farmers, Perception, Producers, Radio, Rural Farmers
Access to Healthcare in Remittance-Receiving Household: A Qualitative Study of Health Seeking Behaviour among the Esan People of South-South Nigeria
Remittances represent a vital livelihood strategy and informal social protection mechanism that alleviates financial barriers to healthcare access in developing contexts. Despite the improved healthcare utilization associated with remittance inflows, persistent structural weaknesses within Nigeria’s healthcare system continue to influence patterns of access and use. This study examines the influence of remittances on access to and utilization of healthcare services among remittance-receiving households in southern Nigeria, with specific focus on Esan communities in Edo State. Adopting an expository research design, the study employed a qualitative approach to generate in-depth understanding of household health-seeking behaviour. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 32 household heads selected from two local government areas in the Edo Central Senatorial District using a multi-stage sampling technique. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings reveal that remittances significantly enhance the utilization of modern healthcare services by reducing financial constraints and enabling timely access to professional medical care. However, healthcare utilization is also shaped by interacting factors such as income stability, social status, cultural beliefs, geographic proximity to health facilities, availability of skilled health personnel, and emergency health needs. The study concludes that while remittances improve healthcare access, they function as complementary mechanisms within a health system characterized by enduring structural inequalities. Keywords: Healthcare services, Health seeking behaviour, Household head, Remittances,
E-Voting as a Panacea to Voter Apathy in Nigeria
Voter apathy has emerged as one of the most critical challenges to democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Despite the adoption of reforms intended to strengthen electoral credibility, turnout has consistently declined, raising concerns about the legitimacy of governance. This paper examines the potential of electronic voting (e-voting) as a panacea to voter apathy in Nigeria. Anchored on Rational Choice Theory, the study argues that citizens often disengage when the costs of participation outweigh the benefits. Drawing on secondary sources, comparative experiences from countries such as Estonia and Brazil, and institutional reports from Nigeria, the study finds that e-voting can reduce apathy by improving transparency, minimizing electoral violence, and enhancing inclusivity. However, infrastructural deficits, cybersecurity concerns, and institutional weaknesses remain obstacles to its adoption. The paper concludes that while e-voting offers a pathway to revitalizing participation, it must be embedded within broader electoral reforms to strengthen institutions, build citizen trust, and promote inclusivity.
Perception of Response Efficacy and Residents’ Evacuation Response Intention among Flood-Prone River Niger Coastal Residents of Edo State
The physical environment is increasingly becoming unsafe for human habitation as natural hazards especially weather-related ones increase in intensity and frequency, adversely impacting human lives and properties leading to what is generally termed as ‘natural disasters.’ Research on understanding human response behaviour to pre-warning cues especially to direct authorities’ directives is crucial effective conducting risk communication. The purpose of this research work is to residents’ perception of response efficacy influences their evacuation intention. The descriptive survey design was employed. The study population covers all the households in the Four River Niger communities (Agenebode, Anebete, Udochi, Udaba-ekpere) all in Edo-North Senatorial District, Edo State who have been directed to evacuate to safer grounds. Two of them (Agenebode and Udaba-Ekpere) were randomly selected for the study. A sample size of 384 respondents was reached with the questionnaire instrument but only 358 of the retrieved items were fit enough to be used for the analysis representing about a 93% return rate. The questionnaire instrument is a researcher-structured questionnaire that was validated by three research experts and a Cronbach Alpha reliability of 0.872 was obtained after the validity and the removal of items that loaded poorly. Frequency counts and percentages were used to answer the raised research questions while Logistic Regression Statistics was used to test the formulated hypotheses at a 0.05 significant level. It was found that only 105 (29.30%) of the residents intended to evacuate to safer grounds which is about 30% while the rest about 253(70.70%) intend not to evacuate. Findings indicated that residents’ perception of response efficacy significantly influences their evacuation response intention (B = .257, p = .000), Consequently, the need to communicate and engage coastal residents based on consensus protection action among others were recommended. Keywords: Risk Communication, Climate Change, Protection Action, Response Efficacy, Evacuation Intentions.
Assessment of the relationship between Cultural Identity and Social Integration among Students in Higher Education Institutions: A Focus on IBB University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
The paper examines the relationship between cultural identity and social integration among students in higher education institutions with a focus on Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai (IBBUL), Niger State-Nigeria. The cultural diverse multiplicity and interactions were found to be a common feature in IBBUL just like any other tertiary education institution in Nigeria. Some of the objectives of the study are to examine the relationship between cultural identity and social integration among students and identify factors that facilitate or hinder social integration among students of IBBUL through triangulation. Social identity theory was adopted. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with a sample size of 393 determined through Taro Yamane’s formula. Out of these, 350 questionnaires were retrieved, giving a response rate of 89.3%. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and thematic analysis for open-ended responses (interviews, FGDs). Key findings include: strong pride in cultural heritage (85%), but a majority also admitted that cultural identity influences their social relationships (75.7%). Most students (78.6%) reported having friends outside their cultural group and 87.2% believed that diversity enriches campus life. However, 54.3% still reported feeling isolated at times. Barriers to integration included language differences (61.5%) and stereotypes (64.3%). Enabling factors included social events (62.9%), faculty support (61.4%), and mutual respect (74.3%). These findings suggest that while cultural identity remains central to students’ experiences, positive attitudes toward diversity and mutual respect provide strong foundations for social cohesion if well harnessed by institutional policies Keywords: Cultural Identity, Social Integration, Diversity, Ethnic Group, Stereotype, Cultural Exchange
A Critical Analysis of Determinants Influencing the Effectiveness of Academic Staff Training and Development in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions
This paper critically examines the key determinants influencing the effectiveness of academic staff training and development in Nigerian tertiary institution. Using qualitative content analysis, the study explores institutional policies, funding mechanisms, faculty motivation, infrastructural capacity, and external influences that shape staff development outcomes. The findings reveal that although significant progress has been made—particularly through interventions by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund)—persistent challenges such as inadequate institutional funding, weak policy implementation, politicized access to training opportunities, and low faculty engagement hinder the effectiveness of training programs. The paper concludes by proposing actionable recommendations, including strengthening institutional frameworks, improving resource allocation, enhancing motivation systems, and promoting international collaborations to boost academic staff development in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Keywords: Academic staff development, Training effectiveness, Tertiary education, Nigerian universities, Institutional policy.
Digital Content Strategy and Customer Engagement Among Micro and Small Enterprises in Urban and Peri-Urban Africa
Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) represent vital engines of inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa, yet many struggle to translate mobile technology adoption into sustained customer engagement. This cross-sectional study examined how digital content strategies influence customer engagement among 2,129 MSEs across eight African countries (Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Côte d’Ivoire). Utilising descriptive and multiple regression analyses on a multi-country dataset, the research investigated the effects of content formats (text, video, local language) and the moderating role of digital literacy training. Findings reveal that local-language content (β = 0.087, p < .01) and video-rich formats (β = 0.049, p < .05) are the strongest predictors of customer engagement, significantly outperforming posting frequency or multi-platform presence. Digital literacy training emerged as a significant moderator (β = 0.084, p < .01), amplifying the positive impact of sophisticated content approaches, while reliable internet access further strengthened these relationships. The results showed that engagement in mobile-dominant African markets depends primarily on cultural resonance and media richness rather than activity volume. Theoretically, the study extends media richness and technology acceptance frameworks by integrating localisation and human-capital contingencies in resource-constrained settings. Practically, MSE owners should prioritise vernacular communication, short-form video production, and accessible training programmes, whereas policymakers must scale digital literacy initiatives to enhance inclusive economic outcomes. Keywords: Digital Content Strategy, Customer Engagement, Micro and Small Enterprises, Local Language Content, Video Content, Digital Literacy Training, Sub-Saharan Africa
Impact of Leader-Member Exchange and Job Satisfaction on Employees’ Organisational Commitment in Public Organization in Nigeria
This study investigates the effects of leader-member exchange, job satisfaction and motivation on organizational commitment in public service with major focus on National Examinations Council Offices in Nigerian North-Central States of Niger, Benue and Nasarawa. This study strengthened the understanding of three important variables that affect organizational commitment—Leader-Member Exchange, job satisfaction, and motivation among personnel at the National Examinations Council. A total of 4011 and a sample of 400 randomly selected responses were collected and analyzed to assess the impact of these factors on organizational commitment. The validity of the research instrument was confirmed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation, while internal consistency was demonstrated with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.592 to 0.743, indicating reliability. The mean score for LMX was 2.87, suggesting a generally low level of leader-member exchange among NECO personnel. However, specific indicators, such as “confidence in leader” and “characterization of working relationship,” scored above 4, indicating some positive interactions between leaders and followers. Job satisfaction yielded a mean score of 3.43, suggesting moderate satisfaction, with high satisfaction levels for items related to role importance, but low scores for recognition and health support. Motivation results showed that intrinsic motivation, particularly “consistent promotion” (mean = 4.94), was highly valued, and extrinsic motivation was strongly influenced by “good pay” and “loyalty to employees.” However, statistical analysis using the F-test yielded significance values of 0.000 for each variable (LMX, job satisfaction, and motivation), all below the alpha level of 0.05, indicating that each variable has a significant positive effect on organizational commitment. These findings highlight the importance of positive leader-member relationships, meaningful job roles, and both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in fostering strong organizational commitment. Keywords: Leader-Member Exchange, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Federal Agency.
The Role of Social Work in Promoting Occupational Health and Safety Awareness among Sawmill Workers in Benin City
Globally and in Africa, including Nigeria, sawmill workers continue to operate under dangerous conditions that expose them to injuries, respiratory complications, and musculoskeletal disorders. Such risks are often linked to unsafe environments, poor adherence to safety standards, and inadequate protective gear, making it urgent to strengthen training, enforcement, and social work programmes aimed at building safety consciousness. This research examines how social work efforts influence occupational health and safety awareness among sawmill workers in Benin City, considering the socio-cultural norms that shape their behaviours, attitudes, and sense of risk. Drawing on Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasises the influence of peer and supervisor role modelling on behaviour, and Organisational Behavioural Theory, which attributes safety failures to weak awareness, ineffective leadership, and unsupportive workplace cultures, the study argues that purposeful social work involvement, training, and institutional support can foster safer routines. Using a descriptive design, data were gathered from 480 sawmill workers selected through purposive, cluster, and quota sampling methods, with a reliable and validated questionnaire and ethical safeguards in place. Results show that most of these workers are young men with minimal formal education who generally follow safety rules, yet lingering hazards remain. Although social work efforts have improved compliance and knowledge, they have had little effect on deeper safety culture or reporting habits, pointing to the need for ongoing education, tighter enforcement, and institutional backing. Consequently, the study recommends regular training, stronger social work engagement, consistent provision of PPE, better monitoring and compliance systems, and greater organisational support to maintain safe working conditions. Keywords: Occupational, Awareness, Health, Hazards, Sawmill workers, Social Work Intervention,
Artificial Intelligence and Recruitment Practices in Nigeria: Ethical Implications and the Future of Talent Management
At a time where the use of Artificial Intelligence packages has virtually taken over human activities today, the human resources segment responsible for the recruitment of prospective employees is not left behind. As a result, the study explored artificial intelligence and recruitment practices in Nigeria: Ethical implications and the future of talent management. The survey research design type using the descriptive approach was employed in this study. This design allows for the study of a large population with a view to generating varied characteristics of the identified phenomenon. The population for the study comprised all recruiting organisations in Lagos, Edo, Kwara, Imo, and Borno states, respectively. Through the multi-stage technique, the ballot and hat procedure was used to select 5 states from 36 states. A stratified sampling procedure was then employed to select 6 public-private recruitment firms from each of the states; a Proportionate sampling procedure of 20% with replacement was used to select 2 recruitment organisations each from the respective states to make a total of 10 public-private recruiting firms. A simple random sampling procedure was later introduced to select a sample of 540 respondents for the study. Artificial Intelligence and Recruitment Practices in Nigeria Questionnaire (AIRPiNQ) was used for data collection. This Questionnaire is a 24 closed tools with 4 Likert Scale response format of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD). Ethical consideration for the instrument was determined. Validity of the instrument was determined, and using the Cronbach alpha index of .893; Simple correlation and multiple correlation analysis were used to analyse data and hypotheses tested at .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the use of Artificial Intelligence tools has helped to facilitate the selection of competent and resourceful employees. The study concluded that AI offers a clear pathway to faster, more consistent, and potentially more meritocratic hiring when properly governed by industry frameworks. It is recommended among others that there needs to exist strengthened governance, human oversight and regulatory compliance under Nigeria’s emerging AI and data-protection policy of the nation as contained in the Nigeria Communication Commission and Nigeria Data Protection Act policy documents. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Recruitment Practices, Talent Management, Employees, Human Resources Management
Untangling the Nexus between Human Capital Development and Manufacturing Output in Nigeria
This study investigated the nexus between human capital development and manufacturing sector output in Nigeria over the period 1980–2023. Secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to capture both short-run and long-run relationships. The empirical findings revealed that primary school enrollment had a negative and statistically insignificant effect on manufacturing output, suggesting a misalignment between educational outcomes and the skill requirements of the manufacturing sector. Government expenditures on education and health exhibited positive but statistically insignificant coefficients, indicating that public investment in human capital had not yet translated into measurable productivity gains. In contrast, population growth had a positive and statistically significant impact, highlighting its role in expanding the labor force and market size that stimulated industrial activity. Conversely, life expectancy exerted a negative and significant influence, reflecting demographic pressures such as aging and higher dependency ratios. The study concluded that improving the quality and relevance of human capital development, rather than merely expanding access, was essential for strengthening the link between human capital and manufacturing output in Nigeria. It further recommended targeted education reforms, efficient public health spending, and population management strategies to unlock the productivity potential of the Nigerian manufacturing sector. Keywords: Human Capital Development, Manufacturing sector Output, ARDL model
Gender Discrimination and Difficulties faced by Women in Workplace in South West Nigeria
This study explores gender discrimination and difficulties faced by women in the workplace in South-West Nigeria, motivated by the pressing issue of women's limited participation and progress in the labor market. The research aimed to investigate the challenges women face, the role of company culture in perpetuating discrimination, and the impact of technological revolution on promoting equal opportunities. A descriptive research survey design was employed, with a sample of 1,800 participants from six polytechnics. The results showed that women face significant difficulties, including micro-aggressions, subtle discrimination, and unequal treatment. Company culture was found to perpetuate discrimination, with high agreement rates on issues like discouraging challenges to discriminatory practices and perpetuating gender stereotypes. However, the technological revolution was found to promote equal opportunities, fairness, and inclusivity. The study concludes that stakeholders should invest in digital literacy programs and promote inclusive tech policies to bridge the gender gap in the workplace. This study's findings have implications for policymakers, organizations, and individuals seeking to promote gender equality and women's empowerment in the workplace. The study's innovative approach highlights the potential of technology to drive positive change in the workplace. Keywords: Workplace inequality, female empowerment, organizational culture, technological inclusion.
Principals’ Perception of Staff Discipline on Personnel Management in Senior Secondary Schools in Borno State, Nigeria
This study examined the principals’ perception of staff discipline on personnel management in Senior Secondary Schools in Borno State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to examine the extent of discipline among staff and it influence on personnel management in Borno State, Nigeria. This study adopts a descriptive survey research design. It also helps to describe, explain and interpret the current status of phenomena without manipulating any variables. The population of the study comprised all principals in public senior secondary schools within Borno State. As of the 2025 academic session, the Borno State has 509 public senior secondary schools, with an estimated population of 509 principals comprises of both male and female. A total of 226 respondents were selected as the sample size for the study using a multi-stage sampling technique. The sample was in line with kreciej and Morgan (1970). The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled: "Principals' Discipline Strategy on Teachers Job Performance (PDSTJP)". The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient was computed, yielding a value of 0.83, which indicates a high level of internal consistency of the instrument. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviations. The finding indicates that 69% of the principals believed that staff in Senior secondary schools in Borno State, Nigeria were disciplined. The finding further revealed that 93% of the respondents believed that discipline has a significant influence on personnel management in Senior Secondary Schools in Borno State, Nigeria. Based on thr finding of the study, it was concluded that discipline is an important tool for personnel management and organisational growth in Senior Secondary Schools, Borno State, Nigeria. It can be deduced that effective discipline in sn organization lead to effective management of personnel. Keywords: Principals’ Perception, Personnel Management, Staff Discipline
Exploring the Relationship Between Employee Casualization and Workplace Productivity in Selected Manufacturing Firms in Edo State, Nigeria: A Contemporary Sociological Analysis
The essence of organization productivity is profits maximization. Achieving this requires the efficiency of staff output and in cases where more hands are needed, casual workers are engaged to increase production output and this can only be sustained when there are good relationships within the organization space. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the relationship Between Employee Casualization and Workplace Productivity in Selected Manufacturing Firms in Edo State. The Labour Market Segmentation theory by Michael Piore and Peter Doeringer were adopted for the study. Been a cross-sectional study, a sample size of 405 respondents were systematically selected for the study and both qualitative and quantitative instrument were used complementarily for the study. Finding from the study revealed that employee is associated with generally high levels of perceived productivity, largely sustained by supervisory support, motivation, and cordial management–employee relations. Motivation and harmonious relations enhance efficiency but persistent concerns about job security and unequal treatment remain. Based on this, conclusion and advocacy were deduced. Keywords: Casual Workers, Casualization, Management, Productivity